نشریه جستارهای باستان شناسی ایران پیش از اسلام
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار و تابستان 1399)

Hormozgan province is located in the south of Iran.This region has had cultural relations with the interlocutors of Fars province and the south of Kerman on the one hand, and the coasts of the Persian Gulf and Makran of Balochistan on the other hand. Archaeological evidence suggests that the geographical location of the area provided the necessary conditions for the presence of human communities in prehistoric times. Given that little archeological work has been done in the region, there are still many ambiguous archaeological issues, especially in the prehistoric period. One of the most important and newly discovered site in the region is the Tom Khargoosh site in the village of Palangan and in the Hajiabad plain of Hormozgan province. Archaeological survey have uncovered a number of stone tools and pottery from the surface site.This paper is devoted to the study of the typology of pottery and the petrographic results of a number of them obtained from the surface of theTom Khargoosh. This article is dedicated to the typological study of 46 surface pottery pieces and petrographic results of 8 pieces with the aim of relative chronology and further understanding of the pottery similarities in this site with other sites in areas. Some questions were raised in this research as follows: 1. Based on a study of Tom Khargoosh site potteries in this area, what prehistoric cultural periods existed in the site? Comparison of pottery findings and their petrographic results in the Tom Khargoosh site, showed similarity with pottery from other sites?Typological-comparative study of these pottery pieces showed that the site was established in the periods of chalcolithic and bronze. The Tom Khargoosh site in the chalcolithic Age had a similarity to pottery with the pottery traditions of Fars and Kerman provinces. In the Bronze Age, painted potteries were obtained from the the Tom Khargoosh site, which is similar to the pottery of the Bronze Age sites in the southeastern part of Iran, and therefore the area has cultural ties with the southeastern region of Iran, especially Yahya Tepe.

Due to the location of Maymeh II in the basin of Maymeh Dam of Dehloran in Ilam province and in order to ensure the existence of ancient layers, it was surveyed and excavated. Documentation, study of establishment, chronology, cultural sequence and function of the site were important goals and questions of this research. Descriptive-analytical and descriptive research method, comparative study and analysis of finds with using field studies (Survey, Trenching and Excavation) and library studies are the methods of research. All finds were obtained from surface survey and no cultural deposits or architectural remains were found in the excavated trenches. Due to the lack of evidence related to the surface finds in the trenches, it seems that this area with an approximate measurement of 45 hectares is an open Paleolithic area. The other finds, including a number of pottery sherds and part of a clay sickle, indicate that the site has been used as a seasonal settlement by nomadic groups based in the area during various historical periods. There is a sortly comprehensive cultural sequence in Dehloran from Neolithic period until Islamic period which identified and introduced. But the knowledge about Paleolithic period is insufficient and sites such as Maymeh could be fill this gap with its artefacts. .

Farahan plain is a wide and flat plain with suitable agricultural land located in the middle of central province. This region is geographically important due to its proximity to the center of the Iranian plateau from the north and northeast and central Zagros from the west and southwest. Archaeological investigations in this plain have led to the identification of settlements from the Late Stone Age to the contemporary ages, especially the historical period. In the meantime, two Kura araxes sites with gray-black pottery were identified for this culture. These settlements are located to the south of Farahan Plain and along the southern shore of Lake Meyghan to the center and south of Farahan Plain. These settlements are located on the runoff of the water flowing from the Haftad qolleh Mountains. The question that arises here is from what direction or paths did the Kura-Araxes communities enter the west and center of the central province, and essentially what factors or factors contributed to their presence in the region. It seems that the Yanik communities enter the Central Province through either the Malayer to the south or the Famenin Plain route to the Central Province, crossing the eastern margin of the Central Zagros Mountains and settling in the midwestern valleys of the western province and the middle of the Farahan plain. The presence of the Gharey Chay River in the west of the Central Province, as well as the seasonal rivers that flowed in the Lake Meyghan basin, may be the major contributors to their presence in the region. The range of these populations extending eastward into the Iranian plateau is one of the other questions raised in this study. In this study, while studying the environmental conditions of the area, the causes and how these settlements were established in the area during the old Bronze Age and how to enter them.

Tappeh Barde Konte site is located at the south of lake Urmia basin in Mahabbad county in West Azarbaijan Province. This site which consists of rocky handmade architecture works such as stairs, hole, tunnel and engraved walls is near the Fakhrigah crypt grave site. Analyzing the pottery data obtained from survey and stratigraphy this site indicates that the site dates back to Iron Age III and its pottery remains resemble those found in other Mannaea sites such as Tappeh Qalaichi, Tappeh Ziwiye, Qal’e Bardine, Tappeh Rabat, Zendan-e-soleiman and Kultarike. This study, which is considered as a kind of fundamental research based on its objective and is a historical research presents the results of the first season of survey and stratigtrapgy of Barde Konte site which led to the identification of Mannaea settlement period in the site. Tappeh Barde Konte site is located at the south of lake Urmia basin in Mahabbad county in West Azarbaijan Province. This site which consists of rocky handmade architecture works such as stairs, hole, tunnel and engraved walls is near the Fakhrigah crypt grave site. Analyzing the pottery data obtained from survey and stratigraphy this site indicates that the site dates back to Iron Age III and its pottery remains resemble those found in other Mannaea sites such as Tappeh Qalaichi, Tappeh Ziwiye, Qal’e Bardine, Tappeh Rabat, Zendan-e-soleiman and Kultarike. This study, which is considered as a kind of fundamental research based on its objective and is a historical research presents the results of the first season of survey and stratigtrapgy of Barde Konte site which led to the identification of Mannaea settlement period in the site.

Northwest Iran is one of the main areas in the Iranian Iron Age. One of the most important objects found in this area are objects made from organic materials which are carbon based compounds. These materials are of special importance in archaeological data due to their non-durability in environment. Majority of the objects made from organic materials in Northwestern Iran have been found in 9 settlement sites and cemeteries. Considering the importance of these objects from technical, application, commercial, and socio-economic points of view, and their impact on the Iron Age societies, this research intends to study these points and answer the following questions: What were the techniques used in manufacturing such objects? What was the role of trans-regional trade in manufacturing and expansion of these objects? What was the impact of manufacturing such objects on the socio-economic structure of that era? As an outcome of this research, which has been conducted based on library resources and analytical methods, objects made from organic materials such as oysters, ivory and some types of wood, were imported to this area by tradesmen from Northwest of Iran or by Assyrians or Zagros residents which indicated trans-regional links between them. These objects were imported in the form of raw materials, intermediate (semi-finished) or final products. Also, manufacturing these objects led to economic growth in the area and created different classes of craftsmen who in turn influenced the economy, art, and creating various professions in the area. Different methods have been used to shape the objects.

Straits are one of the most complex geomorphological phenomena. In the mountainous climate of Iran, Tang or Darband is a narrow passage that passes between two mountains with high walls and is protected by creating a defensive barrier and placing shooters on both sides of the strait. One of the most strategic fortresses in Iran is the Persian fort in the area of ​​present-day Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, which was the gateway to the Persian province and became the place and place of the Achaemenid Aryobarzan battle with Alexander when Alexander the Great invaded Persia. The position of the Pars prison is not clear to us, and the efforts of domestic and foreign scholars and various theories to reveal the position of this place did not go anywhere; But everyone agrees on the outbreak of the Pars Darband war in one of the straits of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad regions. One of the most important questions of this research is where is Pars Darband? Using field research, historical geography studies and descriptive-analytical methods were performed from among the possible options. Due to the lack of resources about the Pars Darband, the authors, by delving into the historical texts, hardly found different lines related to this place and used it to reach the position of this Darband. Also, by field studies, all the ancient and strategic gates in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad area were identified in order to check the possibility of locating and matching the Pars Gate by matching the signs given from historical texts, and to remove the veil of ambiguity about the location of this gates. To be.

With the formation of the Achaemenid Empire under the leadership of Cyrus and its expansion by Darius and his successors, developments took place that had profound effects on the social and economic landscape of the Persepolis region. One of the consequences of these developments is the entry of large groups of people from the newly occupied lands into this region, which were employed in different parts of the Persepolis administrative organization. The archives of Persepolis, directly and indirectly, provide a range of different topics on various aspects of the social, religious and economic life of the Kurtaš. This article tries to clarify the relative aspects of the life of the Kurtaš, including their social and legal status in Achaemenid Persian society, by using the historical approach and using the interpretations and information of the Tablets published from the Persepolis archive. Ethnic and identity's, the system of rations and wages, the estimated population, the economic role, the organization of the force labour and how it is organized and managed. The results of the research show that in the time period of the Tablets, a large population of Kurtaš was attracted from all over the empire in the form of simple workers, skilled and specialized craftsmen, slaves, free and semi-free workers, soldiers, etc. They became the " Persepolis royal economy ".The Persepolis administrative organization has provided the courthouses with various means of subsistence and welfare through regular auditing. In this organization, the head of ceremonies (as the highest economic official of Persepolis) and his subordinate officials (including the deputy and officials known as "Kurdabatiš, šaramana, Damana, etc.) are in charge of organizing the force labuor and distributing rations.

After the overthrow of the Sassanid dynasty and the spread of Islam in Iran, many followers of Zoroaster continued to adhere to their beliefs. One group was Zoroastrians who migrated to other countries, including India, due to tightening restrictions. According to the available sources, after enduring a lot of Trouble and Suffering, First, they went to the island of Hormuz, and after the political pressure of the Arabs and the occupation of Hormoz, they fled to the island of Dave, and finally, after a few years, they emigrated to India. Few sources are available on how they settled in India and their fate after this migration. According to remaining sources, Sanjan, as the first of Zoroastrians in India, played an important role in their history. Based on the available sources, including historical and religious texts of Zoroastrians and contemporary research on Zoroastrians, this study tries to study how the city of Sanjan was formed, its religious status among Zoroastrians and its influence on their political and religious destiny in India. study of historical sources and archaeological data confirms the history of Zoroastrian migration in the early second century AH and the presence of Zoroastrians in India on the same date And shows that the city of Sanjan was probably the first Zoroastrian settlement in India during their early migration. These sources also show that Sanjan had a very important religious status and continued to exist as a Zoroastrian religious center until the Muslim invasion of India and even after that.

One of the most important pottery of the Iron Age of northwestern Iran is triangular containers, first obtained from the Hasanloo hill, and most scholars attribute its history to the Achaemenid period. According to archaeological investigations of Silveh Piranshahr dam basin, 39 archaeological sites were identified in total. Triangular dishes are one of the most important findings of this study. Mostly imprinted containers are mostly in bowl, jar and pulp forms. In this regard, the following questions arise: what is the area of distribution of these types of containers? The main hypothesis in this regard applies to areas including western and northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, the Caucasus and Pakistan. Do the triangular containers obtained from the Silveh Dam surveys show similarities with these areas? According to studies, it shows similarities both in terms of freckles and in terms of roles. And as a final result we can say that among the pottery of the Silveh Dam sites and other areas of northwest, western Iran and Anatolia, the similarities are more closely related to the pottery form. Keywords: Triangular Dishes, Silveh Piranshahr Dam, Iron Age III, Northwest of Iran, Regional Similarities. Do the triangular containers obtained from the Silveh Dam surveys show similarities with these areas? According to studies, it shows similarities both in terms of freckles and in terms of roles. And as a final result we can say that among the pottery of the Silveh Dam sites and other areas of northwest, western Iran and Anatolia, the similarities are more closely related to the pottery form.

Interpretation of implicit and meaningless data from archaeological studies and excavations is the most important aspect of a scholarly study. Conventional approaches to archeology can be just as useful as they can be misleading, resulting in inaccurate interpretations and analyzes. One of the most widely used approaches by archaeologists for interpreting and explaining cultural materials is the approach of the archeological people. Studying and examining modern societies, we can reveal many hidden aspects of these findings. Bakhtiari land abounds with rocks and stones, and the nomads are the ones who have exploited them the most. The bedrock of this area provides a good place to create all kinds of architectural structures. The rock architecture in this region has a considerable variety, and one of the issues that have been disputed among archaeologists and researchers about is the function of these structures as tombs and so-called slaves of Bakhtiari nomads. Researchers and nomads mistakenly generalize all those rock architectures as slavery, and this factor has led to erroneous analysis and vulgar conclusions. In order to suggest some other possible functions for these kinds of architecture, we combined the required field and library studies, first with objectively observing and interviewing Bakhtiari nomads in person, and then with going through library resources.

Elam is one of the historical periods of Iran; This period extended to the south, center, and west, especialy southwestern Iran, and by the third millennium B.C. emerged as a coherent force that claimed to penetrate the political scene of western Asia. The Elamites achieved their power by combining the resources of the lowlands and the highlands, and they endured for more than 2,500 years, more than any other dynasty or empire in the Near East. The New Elamite period coincides with the Iron Age in Najd, Iran, and, according to historical-literary sources, coincides with great governments such as the Medes or emperors such as the Ellipse, and outside the borders of the Iranian plateau with New Assyria and Babylon in Mesopotamia. This regime was fallen in 646 B.C. by repeated and severe attacks of Ashurbanipal central government and seemingly abolished by the middle of the sixth century B.C., coinciding with the advent of the Achaemenid Empire. In this paper, using the library method, we have attempted to determine the boundaries of New Elam after Assurbanipal's invasion on the basis of archaeological evidence and Elamite literary sources; we also seek to identify its influence on subsequent periods. According to the reliefs of Kul-e farah I (Izeh), Eshkaft-e Salman, the tomb of Jubaji (Ramhormoz) and Arjan (Behbahan), they are all located in the east of the Elamite realm. The present-day cities of Baghmalek and Omidiyeh which are located between these places, have probably been part of the Elamite state after Ashurbanipal. Other peripheral areas, such as Hendijan, Bandar Mahshahr, areas from the west of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Provinces, and the eastern areas of Ahvaz, as well as Shushtar to Shoush, were most likely subject to the New Elamite political center in the east.